- 2. • Based on its stimulus, the movements in plant are grouped into three : 1. HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT 2. ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT 3. EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT /ETIONOM
- 3. HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT• Is movement of part of plant that is caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cells so happens non-homogenous wrinkling• Example the breaking of dried Calanchoe pinnata fruit (pacar air) the opening of sporangium in fern as the cause of wrinkling annulus cells
- 4. ANULUS
- 5. The opening of sporangium of moss as the causeof the wrinkling peristome cells
- 6. ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT (autonomic)• Is movement that is not known yet its cause certainly but predicted this motion is caused by stimulus that comes from the body of plant itself.• Examplesthe flowing movement of cytoplasm in cellthe bending movement of leaf bid because of difference of growth velocity
- 7. EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT (etionom/esionom)• Is plant movement that it is caused by external stimulus• External stimulus such as : Light, gravity, water, touch, and chemical substance
- 8. The various kinds of exogenous movements in plants1. Tropism movement2. Nastic movement3. Taxis movement
- 9. TROPISM MOVEMENT• Is movement of part of plant to stimulus that is movement direction is determined by the stimulus• Kinds of tropism 1. phototropism 2. geotropism 3. chemotropism 4. thigmotropism 5. hydrotropism
- 10. PHOTOTROPISM• Is tropism movement that caused by stimulus of light• Examples the tip of plant that lies in room will bend to direction of incident light
- 11. GEOTROPISM• Is tropism movement that follows earth gravitational force• positive geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction is downward• Negative geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction upward
- 12. GEOTROPISM
- 13. CHEMOTROPISM• Is tropism movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus• Example : the movement of root to food/fertilizer substance in soil
- 14. THIGMOTROPISM• Is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of touch to harder thing• Example Tendril of plant movement
- 15. HYDROTROPISM• Is the movement of plant root that is influenced by reservation of soil water.
- 16. NASTIC MOVEMENT• Is plant movement to stimulus, that its direction is not determined by stimulus but by plant itself• Kind of nastic movement 1. photonasty 2. nictinasty 3. thigmonasty 4. thermonasty 5. complex nasty
- 17. PHOTONASTIC• Is nasty movement that its caused by stimulus of light• example the opening of Mirabilis jalapa flower at certain time
- 18. NICTINASTY• Is nasty movement that its caused by dark condition (sleeping movement)• Examples the closing of Butterfly flower ‘s leaves at night the closing of compound leaves of Leucaena glauca at night
- 19. THIGMONASTY/seismonasty• Is nasty movement that it’s caused by stimulus of touch• Example the closing of leaves of Mimosa pudica when touched
- 20. THERMONASTY• Is nasty movement that is caused by temperature stimulus• Example Tulip flower will bloom if suddently get temperature increasement
- 21. COMPLEX NASTY• Is nasty movement that is caused by several factors altogether• Example the opening and closing of stomata is influenced by light, chemical substance and water
- 22. Picture The Opening And Closing Of Stomata
- 23. TAXIS MOVEMENT• Is transfer movement of all part of plant to stimulus that its direction is determined by the stimulus• Kinds of taxis movement 1. phototaxis 2. chemotaxis
- 24. PHOTOTAXIS• Is taxis movement that is caused by stimulus of light• Example the movement of chlorophyll to surface/nearer surface the leaves to get the light
- 25. CHEMOTAXIS• Is the taxis movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus.• Example movement of spermatozoid of moss and fern to ovum that is found in archegonium attracted to the sugar or protein that is produced by archegonium
- 26. Do The Exercise Chapter 8 Page 199 – 200Multiple Choices and Essay Just The Answers Do on your notebook
- 27. You can also download this slide on http://www.slideshare.net/alfikesturiOr on http://www.authorstream.com/kesturi Created by Alfie_MSK, A Biology teacher of GIS JH
Showing posts with label Biology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Biology. Show all posts
Tuesday, April 2, 2013
MOVEMENT IN PLANT
THE VARIOUS KIND OF MOVEMENT IN PLANT
A.THE VARIOUS KIND OF MOVEMENT IN PLANT
1.Autonomic Movement
Movement that is not known yet its cause certainly but predicted this motion is caused by stimulus that comes from the body of plant itself
Example:
a) The flowing movement of cytoplasm in cell
b) The bending movement of leaf bud because of difference of growth velocity
c) Movement that is shown by plant when grows such as the growth of root, steam, leaf and flower
2.Exogenous Movement
Exogenous movement is plant movement that is caused by external stimulus. For example light, earth gravitational force, water, touch and chemical substance.
Example:
a) The opening and closing of mimosa pudica leaves
b) The opening and closing of stomata
3.Hygroscopic Movement
Hygroscopic movement is movement of part of plant that is caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cells so happens nonhomogenous wrinkling.
Example:
a) The breaking of dried nut fruit Leucaena glauca castor Caesalipinia pulcherrima
b) The opening of sporangium in fern as the cause of the wrinkling of annulus cells.
B.THE VARIOUS KIND OF EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT IN PLANTS
1.Nastic Movement
Nastic movement is plant movement to stimulus, that its direction is not determined by stimulus but by the plant itself.
According to its cause, nastic movement is separated into five kinds, those are photonasty, nictinasty, thigmonasty, thermonasty and complex nasty
a.Photonasty
Photonasty is nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of sunlight.
Example:
1) The opening and closing of Mirabilis jalava at certain time when there is light
2) The blossom of sun flower
b.Nictinasty
Nictinasty is nasty movement that is caused by dark condition (sleeping movement)
Example:
1) The closing of leaves of butterfly flower at night
2) The closing of compound leaves in Leucaena glauca at night
c.Thigmonasty
Thigmonasty is nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of touch.
Example:
1) The closing of leaves of Mimusa pudica when touched
d.Thermonasty
Thermonasty is nasty movement that is caused by temperature stimulus
Example:
1) Tulip flower will develop if suddenly gets temperature increment and close anymore if temperature decreases
e.Complex Nasty
Complex nasty is nasty movement that is caused by several factors altogether, such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) level, level of Ca ions, temperature, sunlight, chemical substance, and water.
Example:
1) The opening and closing of stomata. The opening and closing of stomata is influenced by sunlight, chemical substance, and water
2.Tropism movement
Topism movement of part of plant body to stimulus that its movement direction is determined by the stimulus.
Tropism is divided into two parts, namely positive tropism and negative tropism
a.Positive Tropism
Positive tropism is tropism movement that goes to the coming of stimulus.
Example:
1) The tip of plant that formerly straight upward, because the influence of sunlight that cames from side, its tip bends to the direction of incoming sunlight.
b.Negative Tropism
Negative tropism is tropism movement that its direction leaves stimulus.
Example:
1) Stem moves away or leaves stimulus of Earth gravitational
According to the kind of its stimulus, tropism is separated into five, that is phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, thigmotropism, and hydrotropism
1) Phototropism
Phototropism is tropism movement that is caused by the stimulus of sunlight.
Example:
1) The tip of plant that lies in room will bend to direction of incident light
2) Geotropism
Geotropism is tropism movement that follow Earth gravitational force.
Geotropism is divided into two, those are as follows:
a) Positive Geotropism
Positive geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction is downward (going to Earth).
Example:
1) The tip of root grows to the direction of gravitation
b) Negative Geotropism
Negative geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction is upward (leaving Earth).
Example:
1) The tip of stem grows upward leaving gravitational force
3).Chemotropism
Chemotropism is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of chemical substance. Chemotropism is separated into two kinds, those are as follows:
a) Positive Chemotropism
Positive chemotropism is chemotropism that its direction approaches source of stimulus.
Example:
1) The movement of root to food substance in soil
b) Negative Chemotropism
Negative chemotropism id chemotropism movement that its direction is leaving source of stimulus.
Example:
1) Movement of root leaves poison.
4).Thigmotropism
Thigmotropism is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of touch to header thing.
Example:
1) In plant that has tendril. If that tendril touches hard thing then it will happen contact and finally that tendril can twist the hard thing.
5) Hydrotropism
Hydrotropism is the movement of plant root that is influenced by reservation of soil water.
Example:
1) Root grows straightly downward, but if in this direction is not found enough of water, then the root will grow bending to the direction that has enough of water.
3.Taxis Movement
Taxis is transfer movement of all body to stimulus that its direction is determined by the stimulus.
Based on the kinds of its stimulus, taxis is separated into three kinds namely phototaxis, chemotaxis, and galvanotaxis
a) Phototaxis
Phototaxis is taxis movement that is caused by stimulus of sunlight.
Example:
1) The movement of chlorophyll to the surface that gets light and movement of spore that has flagella to the light place.
b) Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is taxis movement that is caused by chemical stimulus.
Example:
1) Movement of spermatozoid (part that is formed by plant) of moss plant and fern to ovum that is found in archegonium attracted to the sugar or protein that is produced by archegonium
c) Galvanotaxis
Galvanotaxis is taxis movement toward electric current direction.
Example:
1) Bacteria that is interested to positive (+) or negative (-) load.
Movement that is not known yet its cause certainly but predicted this motion is caused by stimulus that comes from the body of plant itself
Example:
a) The flowing movement of cytoplasm in cell
b) The bending movement of leaf bud because of difference of growth velocity
c) Movement that is shown by plant when grows such as the growth of root, steam, leaf and flower
2.Exogenous Movement
Exogenous movement is plant movement that is caused by external stimulus. For example light, earth gravitational force, water, touch and chemical substance.
Example:
a) The opening and closing of mimosa pudica leaves
b) The opening and closing of stomata
3.Hygroscopic Movement
Hygroscopic movement is movement of part of plant that is caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cells so happens nonhomogenous wrinkling.
Example:
a) The breaking of dried nut fruit Leucaena glauca castor Caesalipinia pulcherrima
b) The opening of sporangium in fern as the cause of the wrinkling of annulus cells.
B.THE VARIOUS KIND OF EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT IN PLANTS
1.Nastic Movement
Nastic movement is plant movement to stimulus, that its direction is not determined by stimulus but by the plant itself.
According to its cause, nastic movement is separated into five kinds, those are photonasty, nictinasty, thigmonasty, thermonasty and complex nasty
a.Photonasty
Photonasty is nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of sunlight.
Example:
1) The opening and closing of Mirabilis jalava at certain time when there is light
2) The blossom of sun flower
b.Nictinasty
Nictinasty is nasty movement that is caused by dark condition (sleeping movement)
Example:
1) The closing of leaves of butterfly flower at night
2) The closing of compound leaves in Leucaena glauca at night
c.Thigmonasty
Thigmonasty is nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of touch.
Example:
1) The closing of leaves of Mimusa pudica when touched
d.Thermonasty
Thermonasty is nasty movement that is caused by temperature stimulus
Example:
1) Tulip flower will develop if suddenly gets temperature increment and close anymore if temperature decreases
e.Complex Nasty
Complex nasty is nasty movement that is caused by several factors altogether, such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) level, level of Ca ions, temperature, sunlight, chemical substance, and water.
Example:
1) The opening and closing of stomata. The opening and closing of stomata is influenced by sunlight, chemical substance, and water
2.Tropism movement
Topism movement of part of plant body to stimulus that its movement direction is determined by the stimulus.
Tropism is divided into two parts, namely positive tropism and negative tropism
a.Positive Tropism
Positive tropism is tropism movement that goes to the coming of stimulus.
Example:
1) The tip of plant that formerly straight upward, because the influence of sunlight that cames from side, its tip bends to the direction of incoming sunlight.
b.Negative Tropism
Negative tropism is tropism movement that its direction leaves stimulus.
Example:
1) Stem moves away or leaves stimulus of Earth gravitational
According to the kind of its stimulus, tropism is separated into five, that is phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, thigmotropism, and hydrotropism
1) Phototropism
Phototropism is tropism movement that is caused by the stimulus of sunlight.
Example:
1) The tip of plant that lies in room will bend to direction of incident light
2) Geotropism
Geotropism is tropism movement that follow Earth gravitational force.
Geotropism is divided into two, those are as follows:
a) Positive Geotropism
Positive geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction is downward (going to Earth).
Example:
1) The tip of root grows to the direction of gravitation
b) Negative Geotropism
Negative geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction is upward (leaving Earth).
Example:
1) The tip of stem grows upward leaving gravitational force
3).Chemotropism
Chemotropism is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of chemical substance. Chemotropism is separated into two kinds, those are as follows:
a) Positive Chemotropism
Positive chemotropism is chemotropism that its direction approaches source of stimulus.
Example:
1) The movement of root to food substance in soil
b) Negative Chemotropism
Negative chemotropism id chemotropism movement that its direction is leaving source of stimulus.
Example:
1) Movement of root leaves poison.
4).Thigmotropism
Thigmotropism is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of touch to header thing.
Example:
1) In plant that has tendril. If that tendril touches hard thing then it will happen contact and finally that tendril can twist the hard thing.
5) Hydrotropism
Hydrotropism is the movement of plant root that is influenced by reservation of soil water.
Example:
1) Root grows straightly downward, but if in this direction is not found enough of water, then the root will grow bending to the direction that has enough of water.
3.Taxis Movement
Taxis is transfer movement of all body to stimulus that its direction is determined by the stimulus.
Based on the kinds of its stimulus, taxis is separated into three kinds namely phototaxis, chemotaxis, and galvanotaxis
a) Phototaxis
Phototaxis is taxis movement that is caused by stimulus of sunlight.
Example:
1) The movement of chlorophyll to the surface that gets light and movement of spore that has flagella to the light place.
b) Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is taxis movement that is caused by chemical stimulus.
Example:
1) Movement of spermatozoid (part that is formed by plant) of moss plant and fern to ovum that is found in archegonium attracted to the sugar or protein that is produced by archegonium
c) Galvanotaxis
Galvanotaxis is taxis movement toward electric current direction.
Example:
1) Bacteria that is interested to positive (+) or negative (-) load.
Nastic Movements
Nastic movements are plant movements that occur in response to environmental stimuli but unlike tropic movements, the direction of the response is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus. Some of the most spectacular plant movements are nastic movements. These include the closing of the carnivorous Venus Flytrap leaf when it captures prey or the folding of the mimosa leaf when it is disturbed.
Sumber : http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu
Plant movement
Nastic Movements
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| Nastic Movements |
Nastic movements and tropisms, or growth movements, are two important, but different, kinds of movements in plants. In nastic movements, the direction of movement is determined by the anatomy of the plant rather than by the position of the origin of the stimulus.
In tropisms, the movement is in a direction either toward or away from the origin of the stimulus. In addition, the orientational changes that occur in nastic movements are temporary; they are reversible and repeatable. The tropisms, in contrast, are generally irreversible.
Nastic movements are common in certain plant families, especially among the legumes (family Fabaceae, formerly Leguminosae). In legumes having leaves that are composed of many leaflets—that is, compound—both the leaflets and the leaves may exhibit the movements.
The most widely occurring nastic movements are probably day-and-night movements, known as nyctinastic movements. Another important kind is thigmonastic movements, triggered by touch or other mechanical stimuli.
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Nyctinastic Movements
The leaves of many plants respond to the daily alternation between light and darkness by moving up and down. In these nyctinastic, or sleep, movements, the leaves extend horizontally (open) to intercept sunlight during the day and fold together vertically (close) at night.
Leguminous plants exhibiting nyctinastic movements include the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) and the silk tree (Albizzia julibrissin). Themovements also occur in some species of oxalis (family Oxalidaceae). In the prayer plant, maranta species (family Marantaceae), the leaves,which are simple, fold at night into a vertical configuration that suggests praying hands.
Thigmonastic Movements
Mechanical disturbances that may trigger thigmonastic movements include touch, shaking, or electrical or thermal stimulation. The stimulus is transmitted from touch-sensitive cells to responding cells located elsewhere in the plant. Many of the plants that display thigmonastic movements are ones that also exhibit nyctinastic ones, such as some members of the Fabaceae and Oxalidaceae.
The sensitive plant exhibits pronounced thigmonastic movements. If even a single leaflet is touched, it and the other leaflets of the leaf fold upward in pairs until their surfaces touch. The signal moves down the leaf stalk, or petiole, which droops, and then proceeds to the rest of the shoot.
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Many plants require a stronger stimulus than does the sensitive plant in order for a response to be generated. A notable exception is Venus’s flytrap (Dionaea muscipula, in the family Droseraceae). The leaves of this carnivorous plant respond in a rapid, highly specialized way, and the purpose is predatory, not defensive.
An insect alighting on a leaf, which has two lobes, stimulates sensitive “trigger” hairs on the leaf epidermis, or surface layer of cells. Within about a half-second, the two lobes of the leaf snap shut. Enzymes digest the insect in one to several days, and the empty trap then reopens.
Physiological Mechanisms
The “motor” that drives most nastic movements is a controlled change in turgor pressure, which is the pressure exerted on a cell wall due to movement of water into the cell.
In the sensitive plant and many other thigmonastically responsive plants, these turgor changes occur in certain large, thin walled cells that function as motor cells, located at the bases of the leaf blades or petioles, and leaflets, if present. The motor cells surround a central strand of vascular, or conducting, tissue, forming a joint like thickening called a pulvinus.
Movement occurs when there are differential turgor changes in the thin-walled cells on opposite sides of a pulvinus, resulting in differential contraction and expansion of these cells.
The turgor changes are triggered when potassium ions (K+) and other ions move into or out of the cells, and water follows by osmosis (as in the opening and closing of stomata in the leaf epidermis). Cells on one side of the pulvinus function as extensors, and cells on the opposite side function as flexors.
Leaves or leaflets open when extensor cells accumulate K+ and then swell with water and flexor cells lose K+ and then shrink from loss of water. Conversely, the leaf or leaflet closes when the extensor cells shrink and the flexor cells swell.
The mechanisms causing these ion fluxes vary. In nyctinasticmovements, the fluxes and the pulvinal turgor changes that they trigger are rhythmic and are regulated by interactions between light and the plant’s innate biological clock. Phytochrome, a plant pigment involved in many timing processes, including flowering, plays a role in this regulation.
In thigmonastic movements, the touching of a leaf or leaflet generates an electrical signal called an action potential. This signal typically moves along the stalk of the leaflet and leaf. It is then translated into a chemical signal that causes the ion fluxes and pulvinal turgor changes.
In Venus’s flytrap, touching of the hairs on a leaf surface generates an action potential. There are no pulvini to respond, however. The underlying biochemical mechanisms of trap closure are not well understood. They may involve turgor changes in a layer of photosynthetic cells immediately beneath the leaf’s upper epidermis.
Tuesday, March 26, 2013
pengaruh cahaya matahari
- Pada Pertumbuhan danPerkembangan Tanaman Kacang - Kacangan
- 2. •Untuk mengetahui perbedaan tinggitanaman yang diletakkan di tempat terangdan gelap
- 3. • Suhu• Tanah• Air• Udara
- 4. Cahaya
- 5. Tanaman kacang-kacangan yang diletakkan dibawah sinar matahari akan tumbuh lebih cepatdibanding tanaman kacang-kacangan yangdiletakkan di tempat yang gelap.
- 6. Gelas air mineral kosongGunting untuk melubangiTanah komposAirBiji kacang kedelaiBiji kacang hijau
- 7. Lubangi gelas air mineral dengan gunting Isi gelas dengan tanah yang dikomposkan Tambahkan air untuk melembabkan tanah Masukkan masing-masing biji kacang kedelai dan kacang hijau
- 8. No Perlakuan Tinggi Tanaman 1Jumlah Daun Ket Hari Ke Hari ke 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 91 Tanah +bkk 0 2,5 20 23 28 0 0 2 2 1 Terang2 Tanah +bkk 0 1,5 18 23 27 0 0 2 2 13 Tanah +bkk 0 1,5 18 17 11,5 0 0 2 2 1 Gelap4 Tanah +bkk 0 1,5 15 21 10 0 0 2 2 15 Tanah +bkh 0 0,9 2,5 4 28 0 0 0 1 2 Terang6 Tanah +bkh 0 0,9 3 6 34,5 0 0 0 1 27 Tanah +bkh 0 0,5 9 14 33 0 0 0 1 2 Gelap8 Tanah +bkh 0 1,0 8,2 16 19 0 0 0 1 2
- 9. Perbedaan pertumbuhan pada tanaman di tempat terang dan gelap disebabkan karena pengaruh pemberian intensitas cahaya yang berbeda yang menyebabkan hormon auksin, yaitu pada gelap hormon auksin bekerja secara maksimalsedangkan pada tempat yang terang kerja hormon auksin di hambat oleh cahaya matahari.
- 10. Jadi, menurut hasil penelitian dan pengamatan kamitentang pengaruh intensitas cahaya pada tanaman,terlihat bahwa tanaman kacang-kacangan yangdiletakkan di tempat yang terang mempunyaipertumbuhan tinggi yang lebih panjang dibandingkandengan tanaman yang diletakkan di tempat yang gelap.
Thursday, March 21, 2013
kingdom plantae
koetisi dasar:
3.3. Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri Divisio dalam Dunia Tumbuhan dan peranannya bagi kelangsungan hidup di Bumi
Indikator:
• Mendeskripsikan ciri umum Dunia Tumbuhan
• Menyusun klasifikasi dunia tumbuhan
• Mendeskripsikan ciri umum tumbuhan lumut
• Menggambar struktur tubuh tumbuhan lumut berdasarkan pengamatan
• Menggambar siklus hidup tumbuhan lumut
• Mengumpulkan informasi tentang peranan lumut bagi manusia
Ciri organisme yang termasuk kingdom plantae:
1. Eukariotik multiseluler
2. mempunyai dinding sel yang tersusun atas selulosa
3. memiliki klorofil, sehingga mampu melakukan fotosintesis (autotrof)
4. memiliki dinding sel yang tersusun atas selulosa
Indikator:
• Mendeskripsikan ciri umum Dunia Tumbuhan
• Menyusun klasifikasi dunia tumbuhan
• Mendeskripsikan ciri umum tumbuhan lumut
• Menggambar struktur tubuh tumbuhan lumut berdasarkan pengamatan
• Menggambar siklus hidup tumbuhan lumut
• Mengumpulkan informasi tentang peranan lumut bagi manusia
Ciri organisme yang termasuk kingdom plantae:
1. Eukariotik multiseluler
2. mempunyai dinding sel yang tersusun atas selulosa
3. memiliki klorofil, sehingga mampu melakukan fotosintesis (autotrof)
4. memiliki dinding sel yang tersusun atas selulosa
Anggota kingdom plantae
1. Divisio Bryophyta (Lumut)
2. Divisio pterydophyta (paku)
3. Divisio spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbiji)
Kingdom plantae meliputi kurang lebih 500.000 species. Dasar pengelompokkan tersebut adalah:
1. Struktur organ tubuh
2. keberadaan fasis (jaringan pengangkut)
3. type silinder pusat (stele)
4, kedudukan, bentuk, ukuran dan pertulangan daun
5. struktur alat reproduksi can cara reproduksi
Jika di tinjau dari keberadaan jaringan tubuh, maka
1. Divisio bryophyta termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan thallophyta, yaitu tumbuhan yang belum memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati. Dikatakan demikian disebabkan pada akar, batang dan daun lumut belum memiliki jaringan pengangkut (fasis) seperti xilem dan floem.
2. Divisio Peterydophyta dan spermatophyta termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan kormophyta, yaitu tumbuhan berkormus. tumbuhan berkormus merupakan tumbuhan yang telah memiliki jaringan pengangkut pada akar, batang dan daunnya.
Jika ditinjau dari alat reproduksinya, maka
1. Divisio bryophyta dan Divisio Pterydophyta termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan berspora, karena untuk berkembang biak menggunakan spora.
2. Divisio spermatophytatermasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan berbiji, karena untuk berkembangbiak menggunakan biji.
Berdasarkan letak bijinya, tumbuhan spermatophyta dikelompokkan atas dua sub divisi yaitu subdivisio gymnospermae (tumbuhan biji terbuka) dan angiospermae (tumbuhan biji tertutup). Biji pada tanaman gymnospermae tidak dibungkus oleh daging buah, sedangkan pada tanaman angiosperma biji terbungkus oleh daging buah.
Tanaman angiospermae, berdasarkan jumlah keping bijinya dibedakan atas, monokotil (berkeping biji 1) dan dikotil (berkeping biji 2).
Berikut beberapa anggota kingdom plantae
2. Divisio pterydophyta (paku)
3. Divisio spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbiji)
Kingdom plantae meliputi kurang lebih 500.000 species. Dasar pengelompokkan tersebut adalah:
1. Struktur organ tubuh
2. keberadaan fasis (jaringan pengangkut)
3. type silinder pusat (stele)
4, kedudukan, bentuk, ukuran dan pertulangan daun
5. struktur alat reproduksi can cara reproduksi
Jika di tinjau dari keberadaan jaringan tubuh, maka
1. Divisio bryophyta termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan thallophyta, yaitu tumbuhan yang belum memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati. Dikatakan demikian disebabkan pada akar, batang dan daun lumut belum memiliki jaringan pengangkut (fasis) seperti xilem dan floem.
2. Divisio Peterydophyta dan spermatophyta termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan kormophyta, yaitu tumbuhan berkormus. tumbuhan berkormus merupakan tumbuhan yang telah memiliki jaringan pengangkut pada akar, batang dan daunnya.
Jika ditinjau dari alat reproduksinya, maka
1. Divisio bryophyta dan Divisio Pterydophyta termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan berspora, karena untuk berkembang biak menggunakan spora.
2. Divisio spermatophytatermasuk dalam kelompok tumbuhan berbiji, karena untuk berkembangbiak menggunakan biji.
Berdasarkan letak bijinya, tumbuhan spermatophyta dikelompokkan atas dua sub divisi yaitu subdivisio gymnospermae (tumbuhan biji terbuka) dan angiospermae (tumbuhan biji tertutup). Biji pada tanaman gymnospermae tidak dibungkus oleh daging buah, sedangkan pada tanaman angiosperma biji terbungkus oleh daging buah.
Tanaman angiospermae, berdasarkan jumlah keping bijinya dibedakan atas, monokotil (berkeping biji 1) dan dikotil (berkeping biji 2).
Berikut beberapa anggota kingdom plantae
Divisio Bryophyta
Lumut merupakan tumbuhan yang memiliki area penyebaran yang sangat luas (kosmopolit), tidak kurang dari 25.000 jenis lumut menyebar di permukaan bumi, teritama pada tempat-tempat yang memiliki kelembaban yang tinggi.Ciri dan struktur tubuh lumut:
1. bersel banyak, bentuk tubuh pipih, dengan ukuran tubuh 1 - 2 cm sampai dengan 20 cm
2. dinding sel terbuat dari selulosa, tidak memiliki jaringan pengangkut
3. memiliki rhizoid yang berfungsi untuk menyerap hara mineral, dan menempel pada substrat, memiliki daun dan batang dengan struktur sederhana.
4. merupakan tumbuhan thallus, dan untuk proses pengangkutan air dan bahan makanan mengunakan sel-sel parenkima.
5. habitat umumnya di tempat lembab, kecuali apaghnum yang hidup di air.
Reproduksi:
Reproduksi lumut dilakukan dengan cara metagenesis, yaitu pergiliran keturunan antara keturunan vegetatif (sporofit) dengan keturunan generatif (Gametofit).
Ciri keturunan Sporofit:
1. nama lainnya disebut juga sporogonium
2. menghasilkan spora
3. terbentuk dari proses fertilisasi sel sperma dan ovum dalam archegonium
4. hidup menumpang pada keturunan gametofit
5. berumur pendek
Ciri keturunan gametofit
1. nama lain disebut lumut, pada saat muda disebut protonema
2. menghasilkan gamet
3. terbentuk dari spora haploid
4. tubuh berwarna hijau dan bersifat autotrof
5. melekat pada suatu substrat dengan perantaraan rhizoid
6. berumur panjang
Reproduksi lumut dilakukan dengan cara metagenesis, yaitu pergiliran keturunan antara keturunan vegetatif (sporofit) dengan keturunan generatif (Gametofit).
Ciri keturunan Sporofit:
1. nama lainnya disebut juga sporogonium
2. menghasilkan spora
3. terbentuk dari proses fertilisasi sel sperma dan ovum dalam archegonium
4. hidup menumpang pada keturunan gametofit
5. berumur pendek
Ciri keturunan gametofit
1. nama lain disebut lumut, pada saat muda disebut protonema
2. menghasilkan gamet
3. terbentuk dari spora haploid
4. tubuh berwarna hijau dan bersifat autotrof
5. melekat pada suatu substrat dengan perantaraan rhizoid
6. berumur panjang
skema pergiliran keturunan pada tanaman lumut:
Mau lihat bagaimana metagenesis pada tanaman lumut???
yuk kita simak video dibawah ini!
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